批評和自我批評

共產黨是不怕批評的，因為我們是馬克思主義者，真理是在我們方面，工農基本群衆是在我們方面。

The Communist Party does not fear criticism because we are Marxists, the truth is on our side, and the basic masses, the workers and peasants, are on our side.Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work (March 12, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 14.

出處：《在中國共產黨全國宣傳工作會議上的講話》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第一一頁

徹底的唯物主義者是無所畏懼的，我們希望一切同我們共同奮鬥的人能夠勇敢地負起責任，克服困難，不要怕挫折，不要怕有人議論譏笑，也不要怕向我們共產黨人提批評建議。「捨得一身剮，敢把皇帝拉下馬」，我們在為社會主義共產主義而鬥爭的時候，必須有這種大無畏的精神。

Thoroughgoing materialists are fearless; we hope that all our fellow fighters will courageously shoulder their responsibilities and overcome all difficulties, fearing no setbacks or gibes, nor hesitating to criticize us Communists and give us their suggestions. "He who is not afraid of death by a thousand cuts dares to unhorse the emperor" - this is the indomitable spirit needed in our struggle to build socialism and communism.Ibid., p. 16.

出處：《在中國共產黨全國宣傳工作會議上的講話》（一九五七年三月十二日），人民出版社版第一二——一三頁

我們有批評和自我批評這個馬克思列寧主義的武器。我們能夠去掉不良作風，保持優良作風。

We have the Marxist-Leninist weapon of criticism and self-criticism. We can get rid of a bad style and keep the good."Report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China " (March 5, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 374.

出處：《在中國共產黨第七屆中央委員會第二次全體會議上的報告》（一九四九年三月五日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四零頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

有無認真的自我批評，也是我們和其他政黨互相區別的顯著的標誌之一。我們曾經說過，房子是應該經常打掃的，不打掃就會積滿了灰塵；臉是應該經常洗的，不洗也就會灰塵滿面。我們同志的思想，我們黨的工作，也會沾染灰塵的，也應該打掃和洗滌。「流水不腐，戶樞不蠹」，是說它們在不停的運動中抵抗了微生物或其他生物的侵蝕。對於我們，經常地檢討工作，在檢討中推廣民主作風，不懼怕批評和自我批評，實行「知無不言，言無不盡」，「言者無罪，聞者足戒」，「有則改之，無則加勉」這些中國人民的有益的格言，正是抵抗各種政治灰塵和政治微生物侵蝕我們同志的思想和我們黨的肌體的唯一有效的方法。

Conscientious practice of self-criticism is still another hallmark distinguishing our Party from all other political parties. As we say, dust will accumulate if a room is not cleaned regularly, our faces will get dirty if they are not washed regularly. Our comrades' minds and our Party's work may also collect dust, and also need sweeping and washing. The proverb "Running water is never stale and a door-hinge is never worm-eaten" means that constant motion prevents the inroads of germs and other organisms. To check up regularly on our work and in the process develop a democratic style of work, to fear neither criticism nor self-criticism, and to apply such good popular Chinese maxims as "Say all you know and say it without reserve", "Blame not the speaker but be warned by his words" and "Correct mistakes if you have committed them and guard against them if you have not" - this is the only effective way to prevent all kinds of political dust and germs from contaminating the minds of our comrades and the body of our Party."On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 316-17.

出處：《論聯合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第一零九七頁

論聯合政府：一九四五年四月中共七大的政治報告，本書許多關於黨與群眾的語錄出自此文。

黨內不同思想的對立和鬥爭是經常發生的，這是社會的階級矛盾和新舊事物的矛盾在黨內的反映。黨內如果沒有矛盾和解決矛盾的思想鬥爭，黨的生命也就停止了。

Opposition and struggle between ideas of different kinds constantly occur within the Party; this is a reflection within the Party of contradictions between classes and between the new and the old in society. If there were no contradictions in the Party and no ideological struggles to resolve them, the Party's life would come to an end."On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 317.

出處：《矛盾論》（一九三七年八月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第二九四頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

我們主張積極的思想鬥爭，因為它是達到黨內和革命團體內的團結使之利於戰鬥的武器。每個共產黨員和革命分子，應該拿起這個武器。但是自由主義取消思想鬥爭，主張無原則的和平，結果是腐朽庸俗的作風發生，使黨和革命團體的某些組織和某些個人在政治上腐化起來。

We stand for active ideological struggle because it is the weapon for ensuring unity within the Party and the revolutionary organizations in the interest of our fight. Every Communist and revolutionary should take up this weapon. But liberalism rejects ideological struggle and stands for unprincipled peace, thus giving rise to a decadent, philistine attitude and bringing about political degeneration in certain units and individuals in the Party and the revolutionary organizations."Combat Liberalism" (September 7, 1937), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 31.

出處：《反對自由主義》（一九三七年九月七日），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第三四七頁

反對自由主義：一九三七年九月，列舉黨內十一種自由主義表現。

我們反對主觀主義、宗派主義、黨八股，有兩條宗旨是必須注意的：第一是「懲前毖後」，第二是「治病救人」。對以前的錯誤一定要揭發，不講情面，要以科學的態度來分析批判過去的壞東西，以便使後來的工作慎重些，做得好些。這就是「懲前毖後」的意思。但是我們揭發錯誤、批判缺點的目的，好像醫生治病一樣，完全是為了救人，而不是為了把人整死。一個人發了闌尾炎，醫生把闌尾割了，這個人就救出來了。任何犯錯誤的人，只要他不諱疾忌醫，不固執錯誤，以至於達到不可救藥的地步，而是老老實實，真正願意醫治，願意改正，我們就要歡迎他，把他的毛病治好，使他變為一個好同志。這個工作決不是痛快一時，亂打一頓，所能奏效的。對待思想上的毛病和政治上的毛病，決不能採用魯莽的態度，必須採用「治病救人」的態度，才是正確有效的方法。

In opposing subjectivism, sectarianism and stereotyped Party writing we must have in mind two purposes: first, "learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones", and second, "cure the sickness to save the patient". The mistakes of the past must be exposed without sparing anyone's sensibilities; it is necessary to analyse and criticize what was bad in the past with a scientific attitude so that work in the future will be done more carefully and done better. This is what is meant by "learn from past mistakes to avoid future ones". But our aim in exposing errors and criticizing shortcomings, like that of a doctor curing a sickness, is solely to save the patient and not to doctor him to death. A person with appendicitis is saved when the surgeon removes his appendix. So long as a person who has made mistakes does not hide his sickness for fear of treatment or persist in his mistakes until he is beyond cure, so long as he honestly and sincerely wishes to be cured and to mend his ways, we should welcome him and cure his sickness so that he can become a good comrade. We can never succeed if we just let ourselves go and lash out at him. In treating an ideological or a political malady, one must never be rough and rash but must adopt the approach of "curing the sickness to save the patient", which is the only correct and effective method."Rectify the Party's Style of Work" (February 1, 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 50.*

出處：《整頓黨的作風》（一九四二年二月一日），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第八二九——八三零頁

整頓黨的作風：一九四二年二月，延安整風的開篇報告之一。

關於黨內批評問題，還有一點要說及的，就是有些同志的批評不注意大的方面，只注意小的方面。他們不明白批評的主要任務，是指出政治上的錯誤和組織上的錯誤。至於個人缺點，如果不是與政治的和組織的錯誤有聯繫，則不必多所指摘，使同志們無所措手足。而且這種批評一發展，黨內精神完全集註到小的缺點方面，人人變成了謹小慎微的君子，就會忘記黨的政治任務，這是很大的危險。

Another point that should be mentioned in connection with inner-Party criticism is that some comrades ignore the major issues and confine their attention to minor points when they make their criticism. They do not understand that the main task of criticism is to point out political and organizational mistakes. As to personal shortcomings, unless they are related to political and organizational mistakes, there is no need to be overcritical or the comrades concerned will be at a loss as to what to do. Moreover, once such criticism develops, there is the great danger that within the Party attention will be concentrated exclusively on minor faults, and everyone will become timid and overcautious and forget the Party's political tasks."On Correcting Mistaken Ideas in the Party" (December 1929), Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 111-12.*

出處：《關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想》（一九二九年十二月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第九四頁

關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想：一九二九年十二月古田會議決議，是本書第二十四章的核心來源。

黨內批評要防止主觀武斷和把批評庸俗化，說話要有證據，批評要注意政治。

In inner-Party criticism, guard against subjectivism, arbitrariness and the vulgarization of criticism; statements should be based on facts and criticism should stress the political side.Ibid., p. 112.*

出處：《關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想》（一九二九年十二月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第九五頁

關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想：一九二九年十二月古田會議決議，是本書第二十四章的核心來源。

黨內批評是堅強黨的組織、增加黨的戰鬥力的武器。但是紅軍黨內的批評有些不是這樣，變成了攻擊個人。其結果，不但毀壞了個人，也毀壞了黨的組織。這是小資產階級個人主義的表現。糾正的方法，在於使黨員明白批評的目的是增加黨的戰鬥力以達到階級鬥爭的勝利，不應當利用批評去做攻擊個人的工具。

Inner-Party criticism is a weapon for strengthening the Party organization and increasing its fighting capacity. In the Party organization of the Red Army, however, criticism is not always of this character, and sometimes turns into personal attack. As a result, it damages the Party organization as well as individuals. This is a manifestation of petty-bourgeois individualism. The method of correction is to help Party members understand that the purpose of criticism is to increase the Party's fighting capacity in order to achieve victory in the class struggle and that it should not be used as a means of personal attack.Ibid., p. 110.

出處：《關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想》（一九二九年十二月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第九二頁

關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想：一九二九年十二月古田會議決議，是本書第二十四章的核心來源。

因為我們是為人民服務的，所以，我們如果有缺點，就不怕別人批評指出。不管是什麼人，誰向我們指出都行。只要你說得對，我們就改正。你說的辦法對人民有好處，我們就照你的辦。

出處：《為人民服務》（一九四四年九月八日），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第一零零三頁

為人民服務：一九四四年九月八日在張思德悼念會上的講話，全文很短，是第十七章首條的出處。

以中國最廣大人民的最大利益為出發點的中國共產黨人，相信自己的事業是完全合乎正義的，不惜犧牲自己個人的一切，隨時準備拿出自己的生命去殉我們的事業，難道還有什麼不適合人民需要的思想、觀點、意見、辦法，捨不得丟掉的嗎？難道我們還歡迎任何政治的灰塵、政治的微生物來玷污我們的清潔的面貌和侵蝕我們的健全的肌體嗎？無數革命先烈為了人民的利益犧牲了他們的生命，使我們每個活著人想起他們就心裡難過，難道我們還有什麼個人利益不能犧牲，還有什麼錯誤不能拋棄嗎？

As we Chinese Communists, who base all our actions on the highest interests of the broadest masses of the Chinese people and who are fully convinced of the justice of our cause, never baulk at any personal sacrifice and are ready at all times to give our lives for the cause, can we be reluctant to discard any idea, viewpoint, opinion or method which is not suited to the needs of the people? Can we be willing to allow political dust and germs to dirty our clean faces or eat into our healthy organisms? Countless revolutionary martyrs have laid down their lives in the interests of the people, and our hearts are filled with pain as we the living think of them - can there be any personal interest, then, that we would not sacrifice or any error that we would not discard?"On Coalition Government" (April 24, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 317.*

出處：《論聯合政府》（一九四五年四月二十四日），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第一零九七——一零九八頁

論聯合政府：一九四五年四月中共七大的政治報告，本書許多關於黨與群眾的語錄出自此文。

我們決不能一見成績就自滿自足起來。我們應該抑制自滿，時時批評自己的缺點，好像我們為了清潔，為了去掉灰塵，天天要洗臉，天天要掃地一樣。

We must not become complacent over any success. We should check our complacency and constantly criticize our shortcomings, just as we should wash our faces or sweep the floor every day to remove the dirt and keep them clean."Get Organized!" (November 29, 1943), Selected Works, Vol. III. p. 160.*

出處：《組織起來》（一九四三年十一月二十九日），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第九三八頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

批評要是及時的批評，不要老是愛好事後的批評。

As for criticism, do it in good time; don't get into the habit of criticizing only after the event.On the Question of Agricultural Co-operation (July 31, 1955), 3rd ed., p. 25.

出處：《關於農業合作化問題》（一九五五年七月三十一日），人民出版社版第二九頁

關於農業合作化問題：一九五五年七月，講農業合作化的步驟與爭論。

錯誤和挫折教訓了我們，使我們比較地聰明起來了，我們的事情就辦得好一些。任何政黨，任何個人，錯誤總是難免的，我們要求犯得少一點。犯了錯誤則要求改正，改正得越迅速，越徹底，越好。

Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and handle our affairs better. It is hard for any political party or person to avoid mistakes, but we should make as few as possible. Once a mistake is made, we should correct it, and the more quickly and thoroughly the better."On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" (June 30, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 422.

出處：《論人民民主專政》（一九四九年六月三十日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四八五頁

論人民民主專政：一九四九年六月，建國前夕對國家性質的闡述。