愛國主義和國際主義

國際主義者的共產黨員，是否可以同時又是一個愛國主義者呢？我們認為不但是可以的，而且是應該的。愛國主義的具體內容，看在什麼樣的歷史條件之下來決定。有日本侵略者和希特勒的「愛國主義」，有我們的愛國主義。對於日本侵略者和希特勒的所謂「愛國主義，共產黨員是必須堅決地反對的。日本共產黨人和德國共產黨人都是他們國家的戰爭的失敗主義者。用一切方法使日本侵略者和希特勒的戰爭歸於失敗，就是日本人民和德國人民的利益；失敗得越徹底，就越好。……這是因為日本侵略者和希特勒的戰爭，不但是損害世界人民的，也是損害其本國人民的。中國的情況則不同，中國是被侵略的國家。因此，中國共產黨人必須將愛國主義和國際主義結合起來。我們是國際主義者，我們又是愛國主義者，我們的口號是為保衛祖國反對侵略者而戰。對於我們，失敗主義是罪惡，爭取抗日勝利是責無旁貸的。因為只有為著保衛祖國而戰才能打敗侵略者，使民族得到解放。只有民族得到解放，才有使無產階級和勞動人民得到解放的可能。中國勝利了，侵略中國的帝國主義者被打倒了，同時也就是幫助了外國的人民。因此，愛國主義就是國際主義在民族解放戰爭中的實施。

Can a Communist, who is an internationalist, at the same time be a patriot? We hold that he not only can be but must be. The specific content of patriotism is determined by historical conditions. There is the "patriotism" of the Japanese aggressors and of Hitler, and there is our patriotism. Communists must resolutely oppose the "patriotism" of the Japanese aggressors and of Hitler. The Communists of Japan and Germany are defeatists with regard to the wars being waged by their countries. To bring about the defeat of the Japanese aggressors and of Hitler by every possible means is in the interests of the Japanese and the German people, and the more complete the defeat the better… For the wars launched by the Japanese aggressors and Hitler are harming the people at home as well as the people of the world. China 's case, however, is different, because she is the victim of aggression. Chinese Communists must therefore combine patriotism with internationalism. We are at once internationalists and patriots, and our slogan is, "Fight to defend the motherland against the aggressors." For us defeatism is a crime and to strive for victory in the War of Resistance is an inescapable duty. For only by fighting in defence of the motherland can we defeat the aggressors and achieve national liberation. And only by achieving national liberation will it be possible for the proletariat and other working people to achieve their own emancipation. The victory of China and the defeat of the invading imperialists will help the people of other countries. Thus in wars of national liberation patriotism is applied internationalism."The Role of the Chinese Communist Party in the National War" (October 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 196.*

出處：《中國共產黨在民族戰爭中的地位》（一九三八年十月），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第五零八——五零九頁

中國共產黨在民族戰爭中的地位：一九三八年十月，講黨在抗戰中的角色與紀律。

一個外國人，毫無利已的動機，把中國人民的解放事業當作他自己的事業，這是什麼精神？這是國際主義的精神，這是共產主義的精神，每一個中國共產黨員都要學習這種精神。……我們要和一切資本主義國家的無產階級聯合起來，要和日本的、英國的、美國的、德國的、意大利的以及一切資本主義國家的無產階級聯合起來，才能打倒帝國主義，解放我們的民族和人民，解放世界的民族和人民。這就是我們的國際主義，這就是我們用以反對狹隘民族主義和狹隘愛國主義的國際主義。

What kind of spirit is this that makes a foreigner selflessly adopt the cause of the Chinese people's liberation as his own? It is the spirit of internationalism, the spirit of communism, from which every Chinese Communist must learn… We must unite with the proletariat of all the capitalist countries, with the proletariat of Japan, Britain, the United States, Germany, Italy and all other capitalist countries, before it is possible to overthrow imperialism, to liberate our nation and people, and to liberate the other nations and peoples of the world. This is our internationalism, the internationalism with which we oppose both narrow nationalism and narrow patriotism."In Memory of Norman Bethune" (December 21, 1939), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 337.*

出處：《紀念白求恩》（一九三九年十二月二十一日），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第六五三頁

紀念白求恩：一九三九年十二月，悼念加拿大醫生諾爾曼·白求恩（Norman Bethune）的文章。

被壓迫人民爭取徹底的解放，首先是依靠自己的鬥爭，其次才是國際的援助。已經獲得革命勝利的人民，應該援助正在爭取解放的人民的鬥爭，這是我們的國際主義的義務。

In the fight for complete liberation the oppressed people rely first of all on their own struggle and then, and only then, on international assistance. The people who have triumphed in their own revolution should help those still struggling for liberation. This is our internationalist duty.Talk with African friends (August 8, 1963).

出處：接見非洲朋友時的談話《一九六三年八月八日》，一九六三年八月九日《人民日報》

社會主義國家是完全新型的國家，是推翻了剝削階級而由勞動人民掌握權力的國家。在這些國家間的相互關係中，實現著國際主義和愛國主義相統一的原則。共同的利益和共同的理想把我們緊緊地聯結在一起。

The socialist countries are states of an entirely new type in which the exploiting classes have been overthrown and the working people are in power. The principle of integrating internationalism with patriotism is practised in the relations between these countries. We are closely bound by common interests and common ideals."Speech at the Meeting of the Supreme Soviet of the U.S.S.R. in Celebration of the 40th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution" (November 6, 1957).

出處：《在蘇聯最高蘇維埃慶祝偉大的十月社會主義革命四十週年會議上的講話》（一九五七年十一月六日），人民出版社版第九——十零頁

社會主義陣營各國人民要聯合起來，亞洲、非洲、拉丁美洲各國人民要聯合起來，全世界各大洲的人民要聯合起來，所有愛好和平的國家要聯合起來，所有受到美國侵略、控制、干涉和欺負的國家要聯合起來，結成最廣泛的統一戰線，反對美帝國主義的侵略政策和戰爭政策，保衛世界和平。

The people of the countries in the socialist camp should unite, the people of the countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America should unite, the people of all the continents should unite, all peace-loving countries should unite, and all countries subjected to U.S. aggression, control, intervention or bullying should unite, and so form the broadest united front to oppose the U.S. imperialist policies of aggression and war and to defend world peace."Statement Supporting the Panamanian People's Just Patriotic Struggle Against U.S. Imperialism" (January 12, 1964), People of the World, Unite and Defeat the U.S. Aggressors and All Their Lackeys, 2nd ed., p. 9.

出處：《支持巴拿馬人民反美愛國正義鬥爭的談話》（一九六四年一月十二日），《全世界人民團結起來打敗美國侵略者及其一切走狗》人民出版社版第九頁

事物總是發展的。一九一一年的革命，即辛亥革命，到今年，不過四十五年，中國的面目完全變了。再過四十五年，就是二千零一年，也就是進到二十一世紀的時候，中國的面目更要大變。中國將變為一個強大的社會主義工業國。中國應當這樣。因為中國是一個具有九百六十萬平方公里土地和六萬萬人口的國家，中國應當對於人類有較大的貢獻。而這種貢獻，在過去一個長時期內，則是太少了。這使我們感到慚愧。但是要謙虛。不但現在應當這樣，四十五年之後也應當這樣，永遠應當這樣。中國人在國際交往方面，應當堅決、徹底、乾淨、全部地消滅大國主義。

出處：《紀念孫中山先生》（一九五六年十一月），一九五六年十一月十二日《人民日報》

我們決不可有傲慢的大國主義的態度，決不應當由於革命的勝利和在建設上有了一些成績而自高自大。國無論大小，都各有長處和短處。

We must never adopt an arrogant attitude of great-power chauvinism and become conceited because of the victory of our revolution and certain achievements in our construction. Every nation, big or small, has its strong and weak points."Opening Address at the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China " (September 15, 1956).

出處：《中國共產黨第八次全國代表大會開幕詞》（一九五六年九月十五日），《中國共產黨第八次全國代表大會文獻》第九頁