黨委領導

黨委制是保證集體領導、防止個人包辦的黨的重要制度。近查有些（當然不是一切）領導機關，個人包辦和個人解決重要問題的習氣甚為濃厚。重要問題的解決，不是由黨委會議做決定，而是由個人做決定，黨委委員等於虛設。委員間意見分歧的事亦無由解決，並且聽任這些分歧長期地不加解決。黨委委員間所保持的只是形式上的一致，而不是實質上的一致。此種情形必須加以改變。今後從中央局至地委，從前委至旅委以及軍區（軍分會或領導小組）、政府黨組、民衆團體黨組、通訊社和報社黨組，都必須建立健全的黨委會議制度，一切重要問題（當然不是無關重要的小問題或者已經會議討論解決只待執行的問題）均須交委員會討論，由到會委員充分發表意見，做出明確決定，然後分別執行。……委員會又須分別為常委會和全體會兩種，不可混在一起。此外，還須注意，集體領導和個人負責，二者不可偏廢。軍隊在作戰時和情況需要時，首長有臨機處置之權。

The Party committee system is an important Party institution for ensuring collective leadership and preventing any individual from monopolizing the conduct of affairs. It has recently been found that in some (of course not all) leading bodies it is the habitual practice for one individual to monopolize the conduct of affairs and decide important problems. Solutions to important problems are decided not by Party committee meetings but by one individual, and membership in the Party committee has become nominal. Differences of opinion among committee members cannot be resolved and are left unresolved for a long time. Members of the Party committee maintain only formal, not real, unity among themselves. This situation must be changed. From now on, a sound system of Party committee meetings must be instituted in all leading bodies, from the regional bureaus of the Central Committee to the prefectural Party committees; from the Party committees of the fronts to the Party committees of brigades and military areas (sub-commissions of the Revolutionary Military Commission or leading groups); and the leading Party members' groups in government bodies, people's organizations the news agency and the newspaper offices. All important problems (of course, not the unimportant, trivial problems, or problems whose solutions have already been decided after discussion at meetings and need only be carried out) must be submitted to the committee for discussion, and the committee members present should express their views fully and reach definite decisions which should then be carried out by the members concerned… Party committee meetings must be divided into two categories, standing committee meetings and plenary sessions, and the two should not be confused. Furthermore, we must take care that neither collective leadership nor personal responsibility is overemphasized to the neglect of the other. In the army, the person in command has the right to make emergency decisions during battle and when circumstances require."On Strengthening the Party Committee System" (September 20, 1948), Selected Works, Vol. IV, pp. 267-68.*

出處：《關於健全黨委制》（一九四八年九月二十日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一三四三——一三四四頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

黨委書記要善於當「班長」。黨的委員會有一二十個人，像軍隊的一個班，書記好比是「班長」。要把這個班帶好，的確不容易。目前各中央局、分局都領導很大的地區，擔負很繁重的任務。領導工作不僅要決定方針政策，還要制定正確的工作方法。有了正確的方針政策，如果在工作方法上疏忽了，還是要發生問題。黨委要完成自己的領導任務，就必須依靠黨委這「一班人」，充分發揮他們的作用。書記要當好「班長」，就應該很好地學習和研究。書記、副書記如果不注意向自己的「一班人」作宣傳工作和組織工作，不善於研究怎樣把會議開好，就很難把這「一班人」指揮好。如果這「一班人」動作不整齊，就休想帶領千百萬人去作戰，去建設。當然，書記和委員之間的關係是少數服從多數，這同班長和戰士之間的關係是不一樣的。這裡不過是一個比方。

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四一頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

要把問題擺到桌面上來。不僅「班長」要這樣做，委員也要這樣做。不要在背後議論。有了問題就開會，擺到桌面上來討論，規定它幾條，問題就解決了。有問題而不擺到桌面上來，就會長期不得解決，甚至一拖幾年。「班長」和委員還要能互相諒解。書記和委員，中央和各中央局，各中央局和區黨委之間的諒解、支援和友誼，比什麼都重要。

The secretary of a Party committee must be good at being a "squad leader". A Party committee has ten to twenty members; it is like a squad in the army, and the secretary is like the "squad leader". It is indeed not easy to lead this squad well. Each regional bureau or sub-regional bureau of the Central Committee now leads a vast area and shoulders very heavy responsibilities. To lead means not only to decide general and specific policies but also to devise correct methods of work. Even with correct general and specific policies, troubles may still arise if methods of work are neglected. To fulfil its task of exercising leadership, a Party committee must rely on its "squad members" and enable them to play their parts to the full. To be a good "squad leader", the secretary should study hard and investigate thoroughly. A secretary or deputy secretary will find it difficult to direct his "squad" well if he does not take care to do propaganda and organizational work among his own "squad members'', is not good at handling his relations with committee members or does not study how to run meetings successfully. If the "squad members" do not march in step, they can never expect to lead tens of millions of people in fighting and construction. Of course, the relation between the secretary and the committee members is one in which the minority must obey the majority, so it is different from the relation between a squad leader and his men. Here we speak only by way of analogy."Methods of Work of Party Committees" (March 13, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 377.*

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四一——一四四二頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

「互通情報」。就是說，黨委各委員之間要把彼此知道的情況互相通知、互相交流。這對於取得共同的語言是很重要的。有些人不是這樣做，而是像老子說的「雞犬之聲相聞，老死不相往來」，結果彼此之間就缺乏共同的語言。

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第四四二頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

不懂得和不瞭解的東西要問下級，不要輕易表示贊成或反對。……我們切不可強不知以為知，要「不恥下問」，要善於傾聽下面幹部的意見。先做學生，然後再做先生；先向下面幹部請教，然後再下命令。……下面幹部的話，有正確的，也有不正確的，聽了以後要加以分析。對正確的意見，必須聽，並且照它做。……對下面來的錯誤意見也要聽，根本不聽是不對的；不過聽了而不照它做，並且要給以批評。

Place problems on the table. This should be done not only by the "squad leader" but by the committee members too. Do not talk behind people's backs. Whenever problems arise, call a meeting, place the problems on the table for discussion, take some decisions and the problems will be solved. If problems exist and are not placed on the table, they will remain unsolved for a long time and even drag on for years. The "squad leader" and the committee members should show understanding in their relations with each other. Nothing is more important than mutual understanding, support and friendship between the secretary and the committee members, between the Central Committee and its regional bureaus and between the regional bureaus and the area Party committees.Ibid., pp. 377-78.

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第一四四二——一四四三頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

學會「彈鋼琴」。彈鋼琴要十個指頭都動作，不能有的動，有的不動。但是，十個指頭同時都按下去，那也不成調子。要產生好的音樂，十個指頭的動作要有節奏，要互相配合。黨委要抓緊中心工作，又要圍繞中心工作而同時開展其他方面的工作。我們現在管的方面很多，各地、各軍、各部門的工作，都要照顧到，不能只注意一部分問題而把別的丟掉。凡是有問題的地方都要點一下，這個方法我們一定要學會。鋼琴有人彈得好，有人彈得不好，這兩種人彈出來的調子差別很大。黨委的同志必須學好「彈鋼琴」。

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四三頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

要「抓緊」。就是說，黨委對主要工作不但一定要「抓」，而且一定要「抓緊」。什麼東西只有抓得很緊，毫不放鬆，才能抓住。抓而不緊，等於不抓。伸著巴掌，當然什麼也抓不住。就是把手握起來，但是不握緊，樣子像抓，還是抓不住東西。我們有些同志，也抓主要工作，但是抓而不緊，所以工作還是不能做好。不抓不行，抓而不緊也不行。

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四三頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

胸中有「數」。這是說，對情況和問題一定要注意到它們的數量方面，要有基本的數量的分析。任何質量都表現為一定的數量，沒有數量也就沒有質量。我們有許多同志至今不懂得注意事物的數量方面，不懂得注意基本的統計、主要的百分比，不懂得注意決定事物質量的數量界限，一切都是胸中無「數」，結果就不能不犯錯誤。

Ask your subordinates about matters you don't understand or don't know, and do not lightly express your approval or disapproval… We should never pretend to know what we don't know, we should "not feel ashamed to ask and learn from people below" and we should listen carefully to the views of the cadres at the lower levels. Be a pupil before you become a teacher; learn from the cadres at the lower levels before you issue orders… What the cadres at the lower levels say may or may not be correct, after hearing it, we must analyse it. We must heed the correct views and act upon them… Listen also to the mistaken views from below, it is wrong not to listen to them at all. Such views, however, are not to be acted upon but to be criticized.Ibid., pp. 378-79 * Learn to "play the piano".

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四三頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

「安民告示」。開會要事先通知，像出安民告示一樣，讓大家要知道討論什麼問題，解決什麼問題，並且早作準備。有些地方開幹部會，事前不準備好報告和決議草案，等開會的人到了才臨時湊合，好像「兵馬已到，糧草未備」，這是不好的。如果沒有準備，就不要急於開會。

In playing the piano all ten fingers are in motion; it won't do to move some fingers only and not others. But if all ten fingers press down at once, there is no melody. To produce good music, the ten fingers should move rhythmically and in co-ordination. A Party committee should keep a firm grasp on its central task and at the same time, around the central task, it should unfold the work in other fields. At present, we have to take care of many fields; we must look after the work in all the areas, armed units and departments, and not give all our attention to a few problems, to the exclusion of others. Wherever there is a problem, we must put our finger on it, and this is a method we must master. Some play the piano well and some badly, and there is a great difference in the melodies they produce. Members of Party committees must learn to "play the piano" well.Ibid., p. 379.

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四四頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

「精兵簡政」。講話、演說、寫文章和寫決議案，都應當簡明扼要。會議也不要開得太長。

Every quality manifests itself in a certain quantity, and without quantity there can be no quality. To this day many of our comrades still do not understand that they must attend to the quantitative aspect of things - the basic statistics, the main percentages and the quantitative limits that determine the qualities of things. They have no "figures" in their heads and as a result cannot help making mistakes.Ibid., pp. 379-80.

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四四頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

注意團結那些和自己意見不同的同志一道工作。不論在地方上或部隊裡，都應該注意這一條。對黨外人士也是一樣。我們都是從五湖四海彙集攏來的，我們不僅要善於團結和自己意見相同的同志，而且要善於團結和自己意見不同的同志一道工作。

This should be borne in mind both in the localities and in the army. It also applies to relations with people outside the Party. We have come together from every corner of the country and should be good at uniting in our work not only with comrades who hold the same views as we but also with those who hold different views.Ibid. Guard against arrogance.

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四四頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

力戒驕傲。這對領導者是一個原則問題，也是保持團結的一個重要條件。就是沒有犯過大錯誤，而且工作有了很大成績的人，也不要驕傲。

For anyone in a leading position, this is a matter of principle and an important condition for maintaining unity. Even those who have made no serious mistakes and have achieved very great success in their work should not be arrogant.Ibid. Draw two lines of distinction.

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四四頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

劃清兩種界限。首先，是革命還是反革命？是延安還是西安？有些人不懂得要劃清這種界限。例如，他們反對官僚主義，就把延安說得好似「一無是處」，而沒有把延安的官僚主義同西安的官僚主義比較一下，區別一下。這就從根本上犯了錯誤。其次，在革命的隊伍中，要劃清正確和錯誤、成績和缺點的界限，還要弄清它們中間什麼是主要的，什麼是次要的。例如，成績究竟是三分還是七分？說少了不行，說多了也不行。一個人的工作，究竟是三分成績七分錯誤，還是七分成績三分錯誤，必須有個根本的估計。如果是七分成績，那末就應該對他的工作基本上加以肯定。把成績為主說成錯誤為主，那就完全錯了。我們看問題一定不要忘記劃清這兩種界限：革命和反革命的界限，成績和缺點的界限。記著這兩條界限，事情就好辦，否則就會把問題的性質弄混淆了。自然，要把界限劃好，必須經過細緻的研究和分析。我們對於每一個人和每一件事，都應該採取分析研究的態度。

First, between revolution and counterrevolution, between Yenan and Sian.[1] Some do not understand that they must draw this line of distinction. For example, when they combat bureaucracy, they speak of Yenan as though "nothing is right" there and fail to make a comparison and distinguish between the bureaucracy in Yenan and the bureaucracy in Sian. This is fundamentally wrong. Secondly, within the revolutionary ranks, it is necessary to make a clear distinction between right and wrong, between achievements and shortcomings and to make clear which of the two is primary and which secondary. For instance, do the achievements amount to 30 per cent or to 70 per cent of the whole? It will not do either to understate or to overstate. We must have a fundamental evaluation of a person's work and establish whether his achievements amount to 30 per cent and his mistakes to 70 per cent, or vice versa. If his achievements amount to 70 per cent of the whole, then his work should in the main be approved. It would be entirely wrong to describe work in which the achievements are primary as work in which the mistakes are primary. In our approach to problems we must not forget to draw these two lines of distinction, between revolution and counter-revolution and between achievements and shortcomings. We shall be able to handle things well if we bear these two distinctions in mind; otherwise we shall confuse the nature of the problems. To draw these distinctions well, careful study and analysis are of course necessary. Our attitude towards every person and every matter should be one of analysis and study.Ibid., p. 381.

出處：《黨委會的工作方法》（一九四九年三月十三日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四四四——一四四五頁

黨委會的工作方法：一九四九年三月，十二條工作方法，是第十章多條語錄的直接來源。

在組織上，厲行集中指導下的民主生活。其路線是：1黨的領導機關要有正確的指導路線，遇事要拿出辦法，以建立領導的中樞。2上級機關要明瞭下級機關的情況和群衆生活的情況，成為正確指導的客觀基礎。3黨的各級機關解決問題，不要太隨便。一成決議，就須堅決執行。4上級機關的決議，凡屬重要一點的，必須迅速地傳達到下級機關和黨員群衆中去。……5黨的下級機關和黨員群衆對於上級機關的指示，要經過詳盡的討論，以求徹底地瞭解指示的意義，並決定對它的執行方法。

出處：《關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想》（一九二九年十二月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第九一頁

關於糾正黨內的錯誤思想：一九二九年十二月古田會議決議，是本書第二十四章的核心來源。