帝國主義和一切反動派都是紙老虎

一切反動派都是紙老虎。看起來，反動派的樣子是可怕的，但是實際上並沒有什麼了不起的力量。從長遠的觀點看問題，真正強大的力量不是屬於反動派，而是屬於人民。

All reactionaries are paper tigers. In appearance, the reactionaries are terrifying, but in reality they are not so powerful. From a long-term point of view, it is not the reactionaries but the people who are really powerful."Talk with the American Correspondent Anna Louise Strong" (August 1946), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 100.

出處：《和美國記者安娜•路易斯•斯特朗的談話》（一九四六年八月），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一一九三頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

同世界上一切事物無不具有兩重性（即對立統一規律）一樣，帝國主義和一切反動派也有兩重性，它們是真老虎又是紙老虎。歷史上奴隸主階級、封建地主階級和資產階級，在它們取得統治權力以前和取得統治權力以後的一段時間內，它們是生氣勃勃的，是革命者，是先進者，是真老虎。在隨後的一段時間，由於它們的對立面，奴隸階級、農民階級和無產階級，逐步壯大，並同它們進行鬥爭，越來越厲害，它們就逐步向反面轉化，化為反動派，化為落後的人們，化為紙老虎，終究被或者將被人民所推翻。反動的、落後的、腐朽的階級，在面臨人民的決死鬥爭的時候，也還有這樣的兩重性。一面，真老虎，吃人，成百萬人成千萬人地吃。人民鬥爭事業處在艱難困苦的時代，出現許多彎彎曲曲的道路。中國人民為了消滅帝國主義、封建主義和官僚資本主義在中國的統治，花了一百多年時間，死了大概幾千萬人之多，才取得一九四九年的勝利。你看，這不是活老虎，鐵老虎，真老虎嗎？但是，它們終究轉化成了紙老虎，死老虎，豆腐老虎。這是歷史的事實。人們難道沒有看見聽見過這些嗎？真是成千成萬！成千成萬！所以，從本質上看，從長期上看，從戰略上看，必須如實地把帝國主義和一切反動派，都看成紙老虎。從這點上，建立我們的戰略思想。另一方面，它們又是活的鐵的真的老虎，它們會吃人的。從這點上，建立我們的策略思想和戰術思想。

Just as there is not a single thing in the world without a dual nature (this is the law of the unity of opposites), so imperialism and all reactionaries have a dual nature - they are real tigers and paper tigers at the same time. In past history, before they won state power and for some time afterwards, the slaveowning class, the feudal landlord class and the bourgeoisie were vigorous, revolutionary and progressive; they were real tigers. But with the lapse of time, because their opposites - the slave class, the peasant class and the proletariat - grew in strength step by step, struggled against them more and more fiercely, these ruling classes changed step by step into the reverse, changed into reactionaries, changed into backward people, changed into paper tigers. And eventually they were overthrown, or will be overthrown, by the people. The reactionary, backward, decaying classes retained this dual nature even in their last life-and-death struggles against the people. On the one hand, they were real tigers; they devoured people, devoured people by the millions and tens of millions. The cause of the people's struggle went through a period of difficulties and hardships, and along the path there were many twists and turns. To destroy the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism in China took the Chinese people more than a hundred years and cost them tens of millions of lives before the victory in 1949. Look! Were these not living tigers, iron tigers, real tigers? But in the end they changed into paper tigers, dead tigers, bean-curd tigers. These are historical facts. Have people not seen or heard about these facts? There have indeed been thousands and tens of thousands of them! Thousands and tens of thousands! Hence, imperialism and all reactionaries, looked at in essence, from a long-term point of view, from a strategic point of view, must be seen for what they are - paper tigers. On this we should build our strategic thinking. On the other hand, they are also living tigers, iron tigers, real tigers which can devour people. On this we should build our tactical thinking.Speech at the Wuchang Meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (December 1, 1958), quoted in the explanatory note to "Talk with the American Correspondent Anna Louise Strong", Selected Works, Vol. IV, pp. 98-99.*

出處：在中共中央政治局武昌會議上的講話（一九五八年十二月一日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一一九零頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

《和美國記者安那•路易斯•斯特朗的談話》一文的題解我說一切所有號稱強大的反動派統統不過是紙老虎。原因是他們脫離人民。你看，希特勒是不是紙老虎？希特勒不是被打倒了嗎？我也談到沙皇是紙老虎，中國皇帝是紙老虎，日本帝國主義是紙老虎，你看，都倒了。美帝國主義沒有倒，還有原子彈，我看也是要倒的，也是紙老虎。

出處：在各國共產黨和工人黨莫斯科會議上的講話（一九五七年十一月十八日），《毛澤東同志論帝國主義和一切反動派都是紙老虎》人民出版社版第二四頁

「搬起石頭打自己的腳」，這是中國人形容某些蠢人的行為的一名俗話。各國反動派也就是這樣的一批蠢人。他們對於革命人民所作的種種迫害，歸根結底，只能促進人民的更廣泛更劇烈的革命。難道沙皇和蔣介石對於革命人民的種種迫害，不就是對於偉大的俄國革命和偉大的中國革命起了這樣的促進作用嗎？

I have said that all the reputedly powerful reactionaries are merely paper tigers. The reason is that they are divorced from the people. Look! Was not Hitler a paper tiger? Was Hitler not overthrown? I also said that the tsar of Russia, the emperor of China and Japanese imperialism were all paper tigers. As we know, they were all overthrown. U.S. imperialism has not yet been overthrown and it has the atom bomb. I believe it also will be overthrown. It, too, is a paper tiger.Speech at the Moscow Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties (November 18, 1957).

出處：《在蘇聯最高蘇維埃慶祝偉大的十月社會主義革命四十週年會議上的講話》（一九五七年十一月六日），人民出版社版第五頁

美帝國主義九年來侵佔了我國領土臺灣，不久以前又派遣它的武裝部隊侵佔了黎巴嫩。美國在全世界許多國家建立了幾百個軍事基地。中國領土臺灣、黎巴嫩以及所有美國在外國的軍事基地，都是套在美帝國主義脖子上的絞索。不是別人而是美國人自己製造這種絞索，並把它套在自己的脖子上，而把絞索的另一端交給了中國人民、阿拉伯各國人民和全世界一切愛和平反侵略的人民。美國侵略者在這些地方停留得越久，套在它的頭上的絞索就將越緊。

U.S. imperialism invaded China 's territory of Taiwan and has occupied it for the past nine years. A short while ago it sent its armed forces to invade and occupy Lebanon. The United States has set up hundreds of military bases in many countries all over the world. China 's territory of Taiwan, Lebanon and all military bases of the United States on foreign soil are so many nooses round the neck of U.S. imperialism. The nooses have been fashioned by the Americans themselves and by nobody else, and it is they themselves who have put these nooses round their own necks, handing the ends of the ropes to the Chinese people, the peoples of the Arab countries and all the peoples of the world who love peace and oppose aggression. The longer the U.S. aggressors remain in those places, the tighter the nooses round their necks will become.Speech at the Supreme State Conference (September 8, 1958).

出處：在最高國務會議上的講話（一九五八年九月八日），一九五八年九月九日《人民日報》

帝國主義者的壽命不會很長了，因為他們盡做壞事，專門扶植各國反人民的反動派，霸佔大量的殖民地、半殖民地和軍事基地，以原子戰爭威脅和平。這樣，他們就迫使全世界百分之九十以上的人正在或者將要對他們群起而攻之。但是帝國主義者目前還是在活著，他們依然在向亞洲、非洲、拉丁美洲橫行霸道。他們在西方世界也依然在壓迫他們本國的人民群衆。這種局面必需改變。結束帝國主義主要是美帝國主義的侵略和壓迫，是全世界人民的任務。

Imperialism will not last long because it always does evil things. It persists in grooming and supporting reactionaries in all countries who are against the people, it has forcibly seized many colonies and semi-colonies and many military bases, and it threatens the peace with atomic war. Thus, forced by imperialism to do so, more than 90 per cent of the people of the world are rising or will rise up in struggle against it. Yet imperialism is still alive, still running amuck in Asia, Africa and Latin America. In the West imperialism is still oppressing the people at home. This situation must change. It is the task of the people of the whole world to put an end to the aggression and oppression perpetrated by imperialism, and chiefly by U.S. imperialism.Interview with a Hsinhua News Agency correspondent (September 29, 1958).

出處：對新華社記者的談話（一九五八年九月二十九日），《毛澤東同志論帝國主義和一切反動派都是紙老虎》人民出版社版第三一頁

美帝國主義到處橫行霸道，把它自己放在同全世界人民為敵的地位，使它自己越來越陷於孤立。美帝國主義手裡的原子彈、氫彈，是嚇不倒一切不願意做奴隸的人們的。全世界人民反對美國侵略者的怒潮是不可阻擋的。全世界人民對美帝國主義及其走狗的鬥爭一定會取得更加偉大的勝利。

Riding roughshod everywhere, U.S. imperialism has made itself the enemy of the people of the world and has increasingly isolated itself. Those who refuse to be enslaved will never be cowed by the atom bombs and hydrogen bombs in the hands of the U.S. imperialists. The raging tide of the people of the world against the U.S. aggressors is irresistible. Their struggle against U.S. imperialism and its lackeys will assuredly win still greater victories."Statement Supporting the Panamanian People's Just Patriotic Struggle Against U.S. Imperialism" (January 12, 1964), People of the World, Unite and Defeat the U.S. Aggressors and All Their Lackeys, 2nd ed., pp. 9-10.

出處：《支持巴拿馬人民反美愛國正義鬥爭的談話》（一九六四年一月十二日），《全世界人民團結起來打敗美國侵略者及其一切走狗》人民出版社版第九——一零頁

美國壟斷資本集團如果堅持推行它的侵略政策和戰爭政策，勢必有一天要被全世界人民處以絞刑。其他美國幫兇也將是這樣。

If the U.S. monopoly capitalist groups persist in pushing their policies of aggression and war, the day is bound to come when they will be hanged by the people of the whole world. The same fate awaits the accomplices of the United States.Speech at the Supreme State Conference (September 8, 1958).

出處：在最高國務會議上的講話（一九五八年九月八日），一九五八年九月九日《人民日報》

為了同敵人作鬥爭，我們在一個長時間內形成了一個概念，就是說，在戰略上我們要藐視一切敵人，在戰術上我們要重視一切敵人。也就是說在整體上我們一定要藐視它，在一個一個的具體問題上我們一定要重視它。如果不是在整體上藐視敵人，我們就要犯機會主義的錯誤。馬克思、恩格思只有兩個人，那時他們就說全世界資本主義要被打倒。但是在具體問題上，在一個一個敵人的問題上，如果我們不重視它，我們就要犯冒險主義的錯誤。打仗只能一仗一仗地打，敵人只能一部分一部分地消滅。工廠只能一個一個地蓋，農民犁地只能一塊一塊的犁，就是吃飯也是如此。我們在戰略上藐視吃飯：這頓飯我們能夠吃下去。但是具體地吃，卻是一口口地吃的，你不可能把一桌酒席一口吞下去。這叫做各個解決，軍事書上叫做各個擊破。

Over a long period we have developed this concept for the struggle against the enemy: strategically we should despise all our enemies, but tactically we should take them all seriously. This also means that we must despise the enemy with respect to the whole, but that we must take him seriously with respect to each and every concrete question. If we do not despise the enemy with respect to the whole, we shall be committing the error of opportunism. Marx and Engels were only two individuals, and yet in those early days they already declared that capitalism would be overthrown throughout the world. But in dealing with concrete problems and particular enemies we shall be committing the error of adventurism unless we take them seriously. In war, battles can only be fought one by one and the enemy forces can only be destroyed one by one. Factories can only be built one by one. The peasants can only plough the land plot by plot. The same is even true of eating a meal. Strategically, we take the eating of a meal lightly - we know we can finish it. But actually we eat it mouthful by mouthful. It is impossible to swallow an entire banquet in one gulp. This is known as a piecemeal solution. In military parlance, it is called wiping out the enemy forces one by one.Speech at the Moscow Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties (November 18, 1957).

出處：在各國共產黨和工人黨莫斯科會議上的講話（一九五七年十一月十八日），《毛澤東同志論帝國主義和一切反動派都是紙老虎》人民出版社版第二五頁

我認為現在國際形勢到了一個新的轉折點。世界上現在有兩股風：東風，西風。中國有句成語：「不是東風壓倒西風，就是西風壓倒東風。」我認為目前形勢的特點是東風壓倒西風，也就是說，社會主義的力量對於帝國主義的力量佔了壓倒的優勢。

It is my opinion that the international situation has now reached a new turning point. There are two winds in the world today, the East Wind and the West Wind. There is a Chinese saying, "Either the East Wind prevails over the West Wind or the West Wind prevails over the East Wind." I believe it is characteristic of the situation today that the East Wind is prevailing over the West Wind. That is to say, the forces of socialism have become overwhelmingly superior to the forces of imperialism.Ibid.

出處：在各國共產黨和工人黨莫斯科會議上的講話（一九五七年十一月十八日），《毛澤東同志論帝國主義和一切反動派都是紙老虎》人民出版社版第二六頁