調查研究

一切實際工作者必須向下作調查。對於只懂得理論不懂得實際情況的人，這種調查工作尤有必要，否則他們就不能將理論和實際相聯繫。「沒有調查就沒有發言權」，這句話，雖然曾經被人譏為「狹隘經驗論」的，我卻至今不悔；不但不悔，我仍然堅持沒有調查是不可能有發言權的。有許多人，「下車伊始」，就哇喇哇喇地發議論，提意見，這也批評，那也指責，其實這種人十個有十個要失敗。因為這種議論或批評，沒有經過周密調查，不過是無知妄說。我們黨吃所謂「欽差大臣」的虧，是不可勝數的。而這種「欽差大臣」則是滿天飛，幾乎到處都有。斯大林的話說得對：「理論若不和革命實踐聯繫起來，就會變成無對象的理論。」當然又是他的話對：「實踐若不以革命理論為指南，就會變成盲目的實踐。」除了盲目的、無前途的、無遠見的實際家，是不能叫做「狹隘經驗論」的。

Everyone engaged in practical work must investigate conditions at the lower levels. Such investigation is especially necessary for those who know theory but do not know the actual conditions, for otherwise they will not be able to link theory with practice. Although my assertion, "No investigation no right to speak", has been ridiculed as "narrow empiricism", to this day I do not regret having made it; far from regretting it, I still insist that without investigation there cannot possibly be any right to speak. There are many people who "the moment they alight from the official carriage" make a hullabaloo, spout opinions, criticize this and condemn that; but, in fact, ten out of ten of them will meet with failure. For such views or criticisms, which are not based on thorough investigation, are nothing but ignorant twaddle. Countless times our Party suffered at the hands of these "imperial envoys", who rushed here, there and everywhere. Stalin rightly says that "theory becomes purposeless if it is not connected with revolutionary practice". And he rightly adds that "practice gropes in the dark if its path is not illumined by revolutionary theory". Nobody should be labelled a "narrow empiricist" except the "practical man" who gropes in the dark and lacks perspective and foresight."Preface and Postscript to Rural Surveys" (March and April 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 13.*

出處：《「農村調查」的序言和跋》（一九四一年三月、四月），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第七九一頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

這種態度，就是實事求是的態度。「實事」就是客觀存在著的一切事物，「是」就是客觀事物的內部聯繫，即規律性，「求」就是我們去研究。我們要從國內外、省內外、縣內外、區內外的實際情況出發，從其中引出其固有的而不是臆造的規律性，即找出周圍事變的內部聯繫，作為我們行動的嚮導。而要這樣做，就須不憑主觀想像，不憑一時的熱情，不憑死的書本，而憑客觀存在的事實，詳細地佔有材料，在馬克思列寧主義一般原理的指導下，從這些材料中引出正確的結論。

To take such an attitude is to seek truth from facts. "Facts" are all the things that exist objectively, "truth" means their internal relations, that is, the laws governing them, and "to seek" means to study. We should proceed from the actual conditions inside and outside the country, the province, county or district, and derive from them, as our guide to action, laws which are inherent in them and not imaginary, that is, we should find the internal relations of the events occurring around us. And in order to do that we must rely not on subjective imagination, not on momentary enthusiasm, not on lifeless books, but on facts that exist objectively; we must appropriate the material in detail and, guided by the general principles of Marxism-Leninism, draw correct conclusions from it."Reform Our Study" (May 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, pp. 22-23.

出處：《改造我們的學習》（一九四一年五月）《毛澤東選集》第三卷第八零一頁

改造我們的學習：一九四一年五月，延安整風的文獻之一，講理論聯繫實際。

「閉塞眼睛捉麻雀」，「瞎子摸魚」，粗枝大葉，誇誇其談，滿足於一知半解，這種極壞的作風，這種完全違反馬克思列寧主義基本精神的作風，還在我黨許多同志中繼續存在著。馬克思、恩格斯、列寧、斯大林教導我們認真地研究情況，從客觀的真實的情況出發，而不是從主觀的願望出發；我們的許多同志卻直接違反這一真理。

To behave like "a blindfolded man catching sparrows", or "a blind man groping for fish", to be crude and careless, to indulge in verbiage, to rest content with a smattering of knowledge - such is the extremely bad style of work that still exists among many comrades in our Party, a style utterly opposed to the fundamental spirit of Marxism-Leninism. Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin have taught us that it is necessary to study conditions conscientiously and to proceed from objective reality and not from subjective wishes; but many of our comrades act in direct violation of this truth.Ibid. p. 18.

出處：《改造我們的學習》（一九四一年五月），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第七九七頁

改造我們的學習：一九四一年五月，延安整風的文獻之一，講理論聯繫實際。

你對於那個問題不能解決麼？那末，你就去調查那個問題的現狀和它的歷史吧！你完完全全調查明白了，你對那個問題就有解決的辦法了。一切結論產生於調查情況的末尾，而不是在它的先頭。只有蠢人，才是他一個人，或者邀集一堆人，不作調查，而只是冥思苦索地「想辦法」，「打主意」。須知這是一定不能想出什麼好辦法，打出什麼好主意的。《反對本本主義》（一九三零年五月），人民出版社版第二頁調查就像「十月懷胎」，解決問題就像「一朝分娩」。調查就是解決問題。《反對本本主義》（一九三零年五月），人民出版社版第三頁應用馬克思列寧主義的理論和方法，對周圍環境作系統的周密的調查和研究。不是單憑熱情去工作，而是如同斯大林所說的那樣：把革命氣概和實際精神結合起來。

[With the Marxist-Leninist attitude,] a person applies the theory and method of Marxism-Leninism to the systematic and thorough investigation and study of the environment. He does not work by enthusiasm alone but, as Stalin says, combines revolutionary sweep with practicalness."Reform Our Study" (May 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 22.

出處：《改造我們的學習》（一九四一年五月），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第八零一頁

改造我們的學習：一九四一年五月，延安整風的文獻之一，講理論聯繫實際。

要了解情況，唯一的方法是向社會作調查，調查社會各階級的生動情況。對於擔負指導工作的人來說，有計劃地抓住幾個城市、幾個鄉村，用馬克思主義的基本觀點，即階級分析的方法，作幾次周密的調查，乃是瞭解情況的最基本的方法。

The only way to know conditions is to make social investigations, to investigate the conditions of each social class in real life. For those charged with directing work, the basic method for knowing conditions is to concentrate on a few cities and villages according to a plan and, using the fundamental viewpoint of Marxism, i.e., the method of class analysis, make a number of thorough investigations."Preface and Postscript to Rural Surveys" (March and April 1941), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 11.*

出處：《「農村調查」的序言和跋》（一九四一年三月、四月），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第七八九頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

開調查會每次人不必多，三五個七八個人即夠。必須給予時間，必須有調查綱目，還必須自己口問手寫，並同到會人展開討論。因此，沒有滿腔的熱忱，沒有眼睛向下的決心，沒有求知的渴望，沒有放下臭架子、甘當小學生的精神，是一定不能做，也一定做不好的。

A fact-finding meeting need not be large; from three to five or seven or eight people are enough. Ample time must be allowed and an outline for the investigation must be prepared; furthermore, one must personally ask questions, take notes and have discussions with those at the meeting. Therefore one certainly cannot make an investigation, or do it well, without zeal, a determination to direct one's eyes downward and a thirst for knowledge, and without shedding the ugly mantle of pretentiousness and becoming a willing pupil.Ibid., p. 12.

出處：《「農村調查」的序言和跋》（一九四一年三月、四月），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第七九零頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

指揮員的正確的部署來源於正確的決心，正確的決心來源於正確的判斷，正確的判斷來源於周到的和必要的偵察，和對於各種偵察材料的聯貫起來的思索。指揮員使用一切可能的和必要的偵察手段，將偵察得來的敵方情況的各種材料加以去粗取精、去僞存真、由此及彼、由表及裡的思索，然後將自己方面的情況加上去，研究雙方的對比和相互的關係，因而構成判斷，定下決心，作出計劃，——這是軍事家在作出每一個戰略、戰役或戰鬥的計劃之前的一個整個的認識情況的過程。

A commander's correct dispositions stem from his correct decisions, his correct decisions stem from his correct judgements, and his correct judgements stem from a thorough and necessary reconnaissance and from pondering on and piecing together the data of various kinds gathered through reconnaissance. He applies all possible and necessary methods of reconnaissance, and ponders on the information gathered about the enemy's situation, discarding the dross and selecting the essential, eliminating the false and retaining the true, proceeding from the one to the other and from the outside to the inside; then, he takes the conditions on his own side into account, and makes a study of both sides and their interrelations, thereby forming his judgements, making up his mind and working out his plans. Such is the complete process of knowing a situation which a military man goes through before he formulates a strategic plan, a campaign plan or a battle plan."Problems of Strategy in China 's Revolutionary War" (December 1936), Selected Works, Vol. I.

出處：《中國革命戰爭的戰略問題》（一九三六年十二月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第一七三頁

中國革命戰爭的戰略問題：一九三六年十二月，總結十年內戰的軍事經驗。