戰爭與和平

戰爭——從有私有財產和有階級以來就開始了的、用以解決階級和階級、民族和民族、國家和國家、政治集團和政治集團之間、在一定發展階段上的矛盾的一種最高的鬥爭形式。

All wars that are progressive are just, and all wars that impede progress are unjust. We Communists oppose all unjust wars that impede progress, but we do not oppose progressive, just wars. Not only do we Communists not oppose just wars, we actively participate in them. As for unjust wars, World War I is an instance in which both sides fought for imperialist interests; therefore the Communists of the whole world firmly opposed that war. The way to oppose a war of this kind is to do everything possible to prevent it before it breaks out and, once it breaks out, to oppose war with war, to oppose unjust war with just war, whenever possible.Ibid., p. 150.

出處：《中國革命戰爭的戰略問題》（一九三六年十二月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第一六四頁

中國革命戰爭的戰略問題：一九三六年十二月，總結十年內戰的軍事經驗。

「戰爭是政治的繼續」，在這點上說，戰爭就是政治、戰爭本身就是政治性質的行動，從古以來沒有不帶政治性的戰爭。……但是戰爭有其特殊性，在這點上說，戰爭不即等於一般的政治。「戰爭是政治的特殊手段的繼續」。政治發展到一定的階段，再也不能照舊前進，於是爆發了戰爭，用以掃除政治道路上的障礙。……障礙既除，政治的目的達到，戰爭結束。障礙沒有掃除得乾淨，戰爭仍須繼續進行，以求貫徹。……因此可以說，政治是不流血的戰爭，戰爭是流血的政治。

出處：《論持久戰》（一九三八年五月），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第四六八——四六九頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

歷史上的戰爭分為兩類，一類是正義的，一類是非正義的。一切進步的戰爭都是正義的，一切阻礙進步的戰爭都是非正義的。我們共產黨人反對一切阻礙進步的非正義的戰爭，但是不反對進步的正義的戰爭。對於後一類戰爭，我們共產黨人不但不反對，而且積極地參加。前一類戰爭，例如第一次世界大戰，雙方都是為著帝國主義利益而戰，所以全世界的共產黨人堅決地反對那一次戰爭。反對的方法，在戰爭未爆發前，極力阻止其爆發；既爆發後，只要有可能，就用戰爭反對戰爭，用正義戰爭反對非正義戰爭。

出處：《論持久戰》（一九三八年五月），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第四六五——四六六頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

在階級社會中，革命和革命戰爭是不可避免的，舍此不能完成社會發展的飛躍，不能推翻反動的統治階級，而使人民獲得政權。

Revolutions and revolutionary wars are inevitable in class society, and without them it is impossible to accomplish any leap in social development and to overthrow the reactionary ruling classes and therefore impossible for the people to win political power."On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p. 344.*

出處：《矛盾論》（一九三七年八月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第三二二頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

革命戰爭是一種抗毒素，它不但將排除敵人的毒焰，也將清洗自己的污濁。凡屬正義的革命的戰爭，其力量是很大的，它能改造很多事物，或為改造事物開闢道路。中日戰爭將改造中日兩國；只要中國堅持抗戰和堅持統一戰線，就一定能把舊日本化為新日本，把舊中國化為新中國，中日兩國的人和物都將在這次戰爭中和戰爭後獲得改造。

Revolutionary war is an antitoxin which not only eliminates the enemy's poison but also purges us of our own filth. Every just, revolutionary war is endowed with tremendous power and can transform many things or clear the way for their transformation. The Sino-Japanese war will transform both China and Japan; provided China perseveres in the War of Resistance and in the united front, the old Japan will surely be transformed into a new Japan and the old China into a new China, and people and everything else in both China and Japan will be transformed during and after the war."On Protracted War" (May 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 131.*

出處：《論持久戰》（一九三八年五月），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第四四七頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

每個共產黨員都應懂得這個真理：「槍桿子裡面出政權」。

Every Communist must grasp the truth, "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.""Problems of War and Strategy" (November 6, 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 224.

出處：《戰爭和戰略問題》（一九三八年十一月六日），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第五三五頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

革命的中心任務和最高形式是武裝奪取政權，戰爭解決問題。這個馬克思列寧主義的革命原則是普遍地對的，不論在中國在外國，一概都是對的。

The seizure of power by armed force, the settlement of the issue by war, is the central task and the highest form of revolution. This Marxist-Leninist principle of revolution holds good universally, for China and for all other countries.Ibid., p. 219.

出處：《戰爭和戰略問題》（一九三八年十一月六日），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第五二九頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

在中國，離開了武裝鬥爭，就沒有無產階級的地位，就沒有人民的地位，就沒有共產黨的地位，就沒有革命的勝利。十八年來，我們黨的發展、鞏固和布爾塞維克化，是在革命戰爭中進行的，沒有武裝鬥爭，就不會有今天的共產黨。這個拿血換來的經驗，全黨同志都不要忘記。

Without armed struggle neither the proletariat, nor the people, nor the Communist Party would have any standing at all in China and it would be impossible for the revolution to triumph. In these years [the eighteen years since the founding of the Party] the development, consolidation and bolshevization of our Party have proceeded in the midst of revolutionary wars; without armed struggle the Communist Party would assuredly not be what it is today. Comrades throughout the Party must never forget this experience for which we have paid in blood."Introducing The Communist" (October 4, 1939), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 292.*

出處：《「共產黨人」發刊詞》（一九三九年十月四日），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第六零零——六零一頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

從馬克思主義關於國家學說的觀點看來，軍隊是國家政權的主要成分。誰想奪取國家政權，並想保持它，誰就應有強大的軍隊。有人笑我們是「戰爭萬能論」，對，我們是革命戰爭萬能論者，這不是壞的，是好的，是馬克思主義的。俄國共產黨的槍桿子造了一個社會主義。我們要造一個民主共和國。帝國主義時代的階級鬥爭的經驗告訴我們：工人階級和勞動群衆，只有用槍桿子的力量才能戰勝武裝的資產階級和地主；在這個意義上，我們可以說，整個世界只有用槍桿子才可能改造。

According to the Marxist theory of the state, the army is the chief component of state power. Whoever wants to seize and retain state power must have a strong army. Some people ridicule us as advocates of the "omnipotence of war". Yes, we are advocates of the omnipotence of revolutionary war; that is good, not bad, it is Marxist. The guns of the Russian Communist Party created socialism. We shall create a democratic republic. Experience in the class struggle in the era of imperialism teaches us that it is only by the power of the gun that the working class and the labouring masses can defeat the armed bourgeoisie and landlords; in this sense we may say that only with guns can the whole world be transformed."Problems of War and Strategy" (November 6, 1938), Selected Works, Vol. II, p. 225.

出處：《戰爭和戰略問題》（一九三八年十一月六日），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第五三五頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

我們是戰爭消滅論者，我們是不要戰爭的；但是隻能經過戰爭去消滅戰爭，不要槍桿子必須拿起槍桿子。

We are advocates of the abolition of war, we do not want war; but war can only be abolished through war, and in order to get rid of the gun it is necessary to take up the gun.Ibid. War, this monster of mutual slaughter among men, will be finally eliminated by the progress of human society, and in the not too distant future too.

出處：《戰爭和戰略問題》（一九三八年十一月六日），《毛澤東選集》第二卷第五三五頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

戰爭——這個人類互相殘殺的怪物，人類社會的發展終久要把它消滅的，而且就在不遠的將來會要把它消滅的。但是消滅它的方法只有一個，就是用戰爭反對戰爭，用革命戰爭反對反革命戰爭，用民族革命戰爭反對民族反革命戰爭，用階級革命戰爭反對階級反革命戰爭。……人類社會進步到消滅了階級，消滅了國家，到了那時，什麼戰爭也沒有了，反革命戰爭沒有了，革命戰爭也沒有了，非正義戰爭沒有了，正義戰爭也沒有了，這就是人類的永久和平的時代。我們研究革命戰爭的規律，出發於我們要求消滅一切戰爭的志願，這是區別我們共產黨人和一切剝削階級的界線。

But there is only one way to eliminate it and that is to oppose war with war, to oppose counter-revolutionary war with revolutionary war, to oppose national counter-revolutionary war with national revolutionary war, and to oppose counter-revolutionary class war with revolutionary class war… When human society advances to the point where classes and states are eliminated, there will be no more wars, counter-revolutionary or revolutionary, unjust or just; that will be the era of perpetual peace for mankind. Our study of the laws of revolutionary war springs from the desire to eliminate all wars; herein lies the distinction between us Communists and all the exploiting classes."Problems of Strategy in China 's Revolutionary War" (December 1936), Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 182-83.

出處：《中國革命戰爭的戰略問題》（一九三六年十二月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第一六七——一六八頁

中國革命戰爭的戰略問題：一九三六年十二月，總結十年內戰的軍事經驗。

我國和各社會主義國家都需要和平，世界各國的人民也都需要和平。渴望戰爭，不要和平的，僅僅是少數帝國主義國家中的某些依靠侵略發財的壟斷資本集團。

Our country and all the other socialist countries want peace; so do the peoples of all the countries of the world. The only ones who crave war and do not want peace are certain monopoly capitalist groups in a handful of imperialist countries which depend on aggression for their profits."Opening Address at the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China " (September 15, 1956).

出處：《中國共產黨第八次全國代表大會開幕詞》（一九五六年九月十五日），《中國共產黨第八次全國代表大會文獻》第八頁

為了爭取世界的持久和平，我們必須進一步地發展同社會主義陣營中各個兄弟國家的友好合作，並且同一切愛好和平的國家加強團結。我們必須爭取同一切願意和我們和平相處的國家，在互相尊重領土主權和平等互利的基礎上，建立正常的外交關係。亞洲、非洲和拉丁美洲各國的民族獨立解放運動，以及世界上一切國家的和平運動和正義鬥爭，我們都必須給以積極的支持。

To achieve a lasting world peace, we must further develop our friendship and co-operation with the fraternal countries in the socialist camp and strengthen our solidarity with all peace-loving countries. We must endeavour to establish normal diplomatic relations, on the basis of mutual respect for territorial integrity and sovereignty and of equality and mutual benefit, with all countries willing to live together with us in peace. We must give active support to the national independence and liberation movement in countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America as well as to the peace movement and to just struggles in all the countries of the world.Ibid. As for the imperialist countries, we should unite with their peoples and strive to coexist peacefully with those countries, do business with them and prevent any possible war, but under no circumstances should we harbour any unrealistic notions about them.

出處：《中國共產黨第八次全國代表大會開幕詞》（一九五六年九月十五日），《中國共產黨第八次全國代表大會文獻》第八頁

至於帝國主義國家，我們也要團結那裡的人民，並且爭取同那些國家和平共處，做些生意，制止可能發生的戰爭，但是決不可以對他們懷抱一些不切實際的想法。

We desire peace. However, if imperialism insists on fighting a war, we will have no alternative but to take the firm resolution to fight to the finish before going ahead with our construction. If you are afraid of war day in day out, what will you do if war eventually comes? First I said that the East Wind is prevailing over the West Wind and war will not break out, and now I have added these explanations about the situation in case war should break out. Both possibilities have thus been taken into account.Speech at the Moscow Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties (November 18, 1957), quoted in "Statement by the Spokesman of the Chinese Government" (September 1, 1963).*

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第三八頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

我們希望和平。但是如果帝國主義硬要打仗，我們也只好橫下一條心，打了仗再建設。每天怕戰爭，戰爭來了你有什麼辦法呢？我先是說東風壓倒西風，戰爭打不起來，現在再就如果發生了戰爭的情況，作了這些補充的說明，這樣兩種可能性都估計到了。

People all over the world are now discussing whether or not a third world war will break out. On this question, too, we must be mentally prepared and do some analysis. We stand firmly for peace and against war. But if the imperialists insist on unleashing another war, we should not be afraid of it. Our attitude on this question is the same as our attitude towards any disturbance: first, we are against it; second, we are not afraid of it. The First World War was followed by the birth of the Soviet Union with a population of 200 million. The Second World War was followed by the emergence of the socialist camp with a combined population of 900 million. If the imperialists insist on launching a third world war, it is certain that several hundred million more will turn to socialism, and then there will not be much room left on earth for the imperialists; it is also likely that the whole structure of imperialism will utterly collapse.On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 67-68.

出處：在各國共產黨和工人黨莫斯科會議上的講話（一九五七年十一月十八日），一九六三年九月一日《人民日報》

《中國政府發言人聲明》中的引語現在世界各國的人們都在談論著會不會打第三次世界大戰。對於這個問題，我們也要有精神準備，也要有分析。我們是堅持和平反對戰爭的。但是，如果帝國主義一定要發動戰爭，我們也不要害怕。我們對待這個問題的態度，同對待一切「亂子」的態度一樣，第一條，反對；第二條，不怕。第一次世界大戰以後，出了一個蘇聯，兩億人口。第二次世界大戰以後，出了一個社會主義陣營，一共九億人口。如果帝國主義者一定要發動第三次世界大戰，可以斷定，其結果必定又要有多少億人口轉到社會主義方面，帝國主義剩下的地盤就不多了，也有可能整個帝國主義制度全部崩潰。

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第三五頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

搗亂，失敗，再搗亂，再失敗，直至滅亡——這就是帝國主義和世界上一切反動派對待人民事業的邏輯，他們決不會違背這個邏輯的。這是一條馬克思主義的定律。我們說「帝國主義是很兇惡的」，就是說它的本性是不能改變的，帝國主義分子決不肯放下屠刀，他們也決不能成佛，直至他們的滅亡。鬥爭，失敗，再鬥爭，再失敗，再鬥爭，直至勝利——這就是人民的邏輯，他們也是決不會違背這個邏輯的。這是馬克思主義的又一條定律。俄國人民的革命曾經是依照了這條定律，中國人民的革命也是依照這條定律。

Make trouble, fail, make trouble again, fail again… till their doom - that is the logic of the imperialists and all reactionaries the world over in dealing with the people's cause, and they will never go against this logic. This is a Marxist law. When we say "imperialism is ferocious", we mean that its nature will never change, that the imperialists will never lay down their butcher knives, that they will never become Buddhas, till their doom. Fight, fail, fight again, fail again, fight again… till their victory; that is the logic of the people, and they too will never go against this logic. This is another Marxist law. The Russian people's revolution followed this law, and so has the Chinese people's revolution."Cast Away Illusions, Prepare for Struggle" (August 14, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 428.

出處：《丟掉幻想，準備鬥爭》（一九四九年八月十四日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四九零——一四九一頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

我們決不可因為勝利，而放鬆對於帝國主義分子及其走狗們的瘋狂的報復陰謀的警惕性，誰要是放鬆這一項警惕性，誰就將在政治上解除武裝，而使自己處於被動的地位。

Just because we have won victory, we must never relax our vigilance against the frenzied plots for revenge by the imperialists and their running dogs. Whoever relaxes vigilance will disarm himself politically and land himself in a passive position."Address to the Preparatory Committee of the New Political Consultative Conference" (June 15, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 407.

出處：《在新政治協商會議籌備會上的講話》（一九四九年六月十五日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四六九頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

帝國主義者及其走狗中國反動派對於他們在中國這塊土地上的失敗，是不會甘心的。他們還會要互相勾結在一起，用各種可能的方法，反對中國人民。例如，派譴他們的走狗鑽進中國內部來進行分化工作和搗亂工作。這是必然的，他們決不會忘記這一項工作。例如，唆使中國反動派甚至加上他們自己的力量，封鎖中國的海港。只要還有可能，他們就會這樣做，再則，假如他們還想冒險的話，派出一部分兵力侵擾中國的邊境，也不是不可能的。所有這些，我們都必須充分地估計到。

The imperialists and their running dogs, the Chinese reactionaries, will not resign themselves to defeat in this land of China. They will continue to gang up against the Chinese people in every possible way. For example, they will smuggle their agents into China to sow dissension and make trouble. That is certain; they will never neglect these activities. To take another example, the imperialists will incite the Chinese reactionaries, and even throw in their own forces, to blockade China 's ports. They will do this as long as it is possible. Furthermore, if they still hanker after adventures, they will send some of their troops to invade and harass China 's frontiers; this, too, is not impossible. All this we must take fully into account.Ibid.* The world is progressing, the future is bright and no one can change this general trend of history.

出處：《在新政治協商會議籌備會上的講話》（一九四九年六月十五日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四六九頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

世界是在進步的，前途是光明的，這個歷史的總趨勢任何人也改變不了。我們應當把世界進步的情況和光明的前途，常常向人民宣傳，使人民建立起勝利的信心。

We should carry on constant propaganda among the people on the facts of world progress and the bright future ahead so that they will build their confidence in victory."On the Chungking Negotiations" (October 17, 1945), Selected Works, Vol. IV. p. 59.

出處：《關於重慶談判》（一九四五年十月十七日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一一六二頁

關於重慶談判：一九四五年十月，抗戰勝利後國共談判期間的報告。

人民解放軍的全體指揮員、戰鬥員，絕對不可以稍微鬆懈自己的戰鬥意志，任何鬆懈戰鬥意志的思想和輕敵的思想，都是錯誤的。

The commanders and fighters of the entire Chinese People's Liberation Army absolutely must not relax in the least their will to fight; any thinking that relaxes the will to fight and belittles the enemy is wrong."Report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China " (March 5, 1949), Selected Works, Vol. IV, p. 361.

出處：《在中國共產黨第七屆中央委員會第二次全體會議上的報告》（一九四九年三月五日），《毛澤東選集》第四卷第一四二五頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。