正確處理人民內部矛盾

在我們的面前有兩類社會矛盾，這就是敵我之間的矛盾和人民內部的矛盾。這是性質完全不同的兩類矛盾。

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第一頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

為了正確地認識敵我之間和人民內部這兩類不同的矛盾，應該首先弄清楚什麼是人民，什麼是敵人。……在現階段，在建設社會主義的時期，一切贊成、擁護和參加社會主義建設事業的階級、階層和社會集團，都屬於人民的範圍；一切反抗社會主義革命和敵視、破壞社會主義建設的社會勢力和社會集團，都是人民的敵人。

We are confronted by two types of social contradictions - those between ourselves and the enemy and those among the people themselves. The two are totally different in their nature.On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed… p. 2.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第一——二頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

在我國現在的條件下，所謂人民內部的矛盾，包括工人階級內部的矛盾，農民階級內部的矛盾，知識分子內部的矛盾，工農兩個階級之間的矛盾，工人、農民同知識分子之間的矛盾，工人階級和其他勞動人民同民族資產階級之間的矛盾，民族資產階級內部的矛盾，等等。我們的人民政府是真正代表人民利益的政府，是為人民服務的政府，但是它同人民群衆之間也有一定的矛盾。這種矛盾包括國家利益、集體利益同個人利益之間的矛盾，民主同集中的矛盾，領導同被領導之間的矛盾，國家機關某些工作人員的官僚主義作風同群衆之間的矛盾。這種矛盾也是人民內部的一個矛盾。一般說來，人民內部的矛盾，是在人民利益根本一致的基礎上的矛盾。

To understand these two different types of contradictions correctly, we must first be clear on what is meant by "the people" and what is meant by "the enemy"… At the present stage, the period of building socialism, the classes, strata and social groups which favour, support and work for the cause of socialist construction all come within the category of the people, while the social forces and groups which resist the socialist revolution and are hostile to or sabotage socialist construction are all enemies of the people.Ibid., pp. 2-3.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第二頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

敵我之間的矛盾是對抗性的矛盾。人民內部的矛盾，在勞動人民之間說來，是非對抗性的；在被剝削階級和剝削階級之間說來，除了對抗性的一面以外，還有非對抗性的一面。

In the conditions prevailing in China today, the contradictions among the people comprise the contradictions within the working class, the contradictions within the peasantry, the contradictions within the intelligentsia, the contradictions between the working class and the peasantry, the contradictions between the workers and peasants on the one hand and the intellectuals on the other, the contradictions between the working class and other sections of the working people on the one hand and the national bourgeoisie on the other, the contradictions within the national bourgeoisie, and so on. Our People's Government is one that genuinely represents the people's interests, it is a government that serves the people. Nevertheless, there are still certain contradictions between the government and the people. These include contradictions among the interests of the state, the interests of the collective and the interests of the individual; between democracy and centralism; between the leadership and the led; and the contradiction arising from the bureaucratic style of work of certain government workers in their relations with the masses. All these are also contradictions among the people. Generally speaking, the people's basic identity of interests underlies the contradictions among the people.Ibid., pp. 3-4.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第二頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

在我國人民的政治生活中，應當怎樣來判斷我們的言論和行動的是非呢？我們以為，根據我國的憲法的原則，根據我國最大多數人民的意志和我國各黨派歷次宣佈的共同的政治主張，這種標準可以大致規定如下：（一）有利於團結全國各族人民，而不是分裂人民；（二）有利於社會主義改造和社會主義建設，而不是不利於社會主義改造和社會主義建設；（三）有利於鞏固人民民主專政，而不是破壞或者削弱這個專政；（四）有利於鞏固民主集中制，而不是破壞或者削弱這個制度；（五）有利於鞏固共產黨的領導，而不是擺脫或者削弱這種領導；（六）有利於社會主義的國際團結和全世界愛好和平人民的國際團結，而不是有損於這些團結。這六條標準中，最重要的是社會主義道路和黨的領導兩條。

The contradictions between ourselves and the enemy are antagonistic contradictions. Within the ranks of the people, the contradictions among the working people are non-antagonistic, while those between the exploited and the exploiting classes have a non-antagonistic aspect in addition to an antagonistic aspect.Ibid., p. 3.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第三零頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

肅清反革命分子的問題是敵我矛盾的鬥爭問題。在人民內部，有些人對於肅反問題的看法，也有一些不同。有兩種人的意見，和我們的意見不相同。有右傾思想的人不分敵我，認敵為我。廣大群衆認為是敵人的人，他們卻認為是朋友。有「左」傾思想的人則把敵我矛盾擴大化，以至把某些人民內部的矛盾也看做敵我矛盾，把某些本來不是反革命的人也看作反革命。這兩種看法都是錯誤的，都不能正確地處理肅反問題，也不能正確地估計我們的肅反工作。

The question of suppressing counter-revolutionaries is one of a struggle between ourselves and the enemy, a contradiction between ourselves and the enemy. Among the people, there are some who see this question in a somewhat different light. Two kinds of persons hold views different from ours. Those with a Rightist way of thinking make no distinction between ourselves and the enemy and take the enemy for our own people. They regard as friends the very persons whom the broad masses regard as enemies. Those with a "Left" way of thinking magnify contradictions between ourselves and the enemy to such an extent that they take certain contradictions among the people for contradictions with the enemy and regard as counterrevolutionaries persons who are actually not counter-revolutionaries. Both these views are wrong. Neither can lead to the correct handling of the question of suppressing counter-revolutionaries or to a correct assessment of this work.Ibid., p. 25.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第一三頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

不同質的矛盾，只有用不同質的方法才能解決。例如，無產階級和資產階級的矛盾，用社會主義革命的方法去解決；人民大衆和封建制度的矛盾，用民主革命的方法去解決；殖民地和帝國主義的矛盾，用民族革命戰爭的方法去解決；在社會主義社會中工人階級和農民階級的矛盾，用農業集體化和農業機械化的方法去解決；共產黨內部的矛盾，用批評和自我批評的方法去解決；社會和自然的矛盾，用發展生產力的方法去解決。……

Qualitatively different contradictions can only be resolved by qualitatively different methods. For instance, the contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie is resolved by the method of socialist revolution; the contradiction between the great masses of the people and the feudal system is resolved by the method of democratic revolution; the contradiction between the colonies and imperialism is resolved by the method of national revolutionary war; the contradiction between the working class and the peasant class in socialist society is resolved by the method of collectivization and mechanization in agriculture; contradiction within the Communist Party is resolved by the method of criticism and self-criticism; the contradiction between society and nature is resolved by the method of developing the productive forces… The principle of using different methods to resolve different contradictions is one which Marxist-Leninists must strictly observe."On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, pp. 321-22.

出處：用不同的方法去解決不同的矛盾，這是馬克思列寧主義者必須嚴格地遵守的一個原則《矛盾論》（一九三七年八月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第二九九頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

敵我之間和人民內部這兩類矛盾的性質不同，解決的方法也不同，簡單地說起來，前者是分清敵我的問題，後者是分清是非的問題。當然，敵我問題也是一種是非問題。比如我們同帝國主義、封建主義、官僚資本主義這些內外反動派，究竟誰是誰非，也是是非問題，但是這是和人民內部問題性質不同的另一類是非問題。

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的總是》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第三頁

凡屬於思想性質的問題，凡屬於人民內部的爭論問題，只能用民主的方法去解決，只能用討論的方法、批評的方法、說服教育的方法去解決，而不能用強制的、壓服的方法去解決。

Since they are different in nature, the contradictions between ourselves and the enemy and the contradictions among the people must be resolved by different methods. To put it briefly, the former are a matter of drawing a clear distinction between ourselves and the enemy, and the latter a matter of drawing a clear distinction between right and wrong. It is, of course, true that the distinction between ourselves and the enemy is also a matter of right and wrong. For example, the question of who is in the right, we or the domestic and foreign reactionaries, the imperialists, the feudalists and bureaucratcapitalists, is also a matter of right and wrong, but it is in a different category from questions of right and wrong among the people.On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., pp. 5-6.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第六頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

人民為了有效地進行生產、進行學習和有秩序地過生活，要求自己的政府、生產的領導者、文化教育機關的領導者發佈各種適當的帶強制性的行政命令。沒有這種行政命令，社會秩序就無法維持，這是人們的常識所瞭解的。這同用說服教育的方法去解決人民內部的矛盾，是相輔相成的兩個方面。為著維持社會秩序的目的而發佈的行政命令，也要伴之以說服教育，單靠行政命令，在許多情況下就行不通。

The only way to settle questions of an ideological nature or controversial issues among the people is by the democratic method, the method of discussion, of criticism, of persuasion and education, and not by the method of coercion or repression. To be able to carry on their production and studies effectively and to arrange their lives properly, the people want their government and those in charge of production and of cultural and educational organizations to issue appropriate orders of an obligatory nature. It is common sense that the maintenance of public order would be impossible without such administrative regulations. Administrative orders and the method of persuasion and education complement each other in resolving contradictions among the people. Even administrative regulations for the maintenance of public order must be accompanied by persuasion and education, for in many cases regulations alone will not work.Ibid., pp. 11-12.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第六頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

資產階級、小資產階級，他們的思想意識是一定要反映出來的。一定要在政治問題和思想問題上，用各種辦法頑強地表現他們自己。要他們不反映不表現，是不可能的。我們不應當用壓制的辦法不讓他們表現，而應當讓他們表現，同時在他們表現的時候，和他們辯論，進行適當的批評。毫無疑問，我們應當批評各種各樣的錯誤思想。不加批評，看著錯誤思想到處氾濫，任憑它們去佔領市場，當然不行。有錯誤就得批判，有毒草就得進行鬥爭。但是這種批評不應當是教條主義的，不應當用形而上學方法，應當力求用辯證方法。要有科學的分析，要有充分的說服力。

Inevitably, the bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie will give expression to their own ideologies. Inevitably, they will stubbornly express themselves on political and ideological questions by every possible means. You cannot expect them to do otherwise. We should not use the method of suppression and prevent them from expressing themselves, but should allow them to do so and at the same time argue with them and direct appropriate criticism at them. We must undoubtedly criticize wrong ideas of every description. It certainly would not be right to refrain from criticism, look on while wrong ideas spread unchecked and allow them to monopolize the field. Mistakes must be criticized and poisonous weeds fought wherever they crop up. However, such criticism should not be dogmatic, and the metaphysical method should not be used, but efforts should be made to apply the dialectical method. What is needed is scientific analysis and convincing argument.Ibid., pp. 55-56.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第二九頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

對於人民的缺點是需要批評的，……但必須是真正站在人民的立場上，用保護人民、教育人民的滿腔熱情來說話。如果把同志當作敵人來對待，就是使自己站在敵人的立場上去了。

To criticize the people's shortcomings is necessary,… but in doing so we must truly take the stand of the people and speak out of whole-hearted eagerness to protect and educate them. To treat comrades like enemies is to go over to the stand of the enemy."Talks at the Yenan Forum on Literature and Art" (May 1942), Selected Works, Vol. III, p. 92.

出處：《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》（一九四二年五月），《毛澤東選集》第三卷第八七四頁

在延安文藝座談會上的講話：一九四二年五月，提出文藝為工農兵服務，是第三十二章的主要來源。

矛盾和鬥爭是普遍的、絕對的，但是解決矛盾的方法，即鬥爭的形式，則因矛盾的性質不同而不相同。有些矛盾具有公開的對抗性，有些矛盾則不是這樣。根據事物的具體發展，有些矛盾是由原來還非對抗性的，而發展成為對抗性的；也有些矛盾則由原來是對抗性的，而發展成為非對抗性的。

Contradiction and struggle are universal and absolute, but the methods of resolving contradictions, that is, the forms of struggle, differ according to the differences in the nature of the contradictions. Some contradictions are characterized by open antagonism, others are not. In accordance with the concrete development of things, some contradictions which were originally non-antagonistic develop into antagonistic ones, while others which were originally antagonistic develop into non-antagonistic ones."On Contradiction" (August 1937), Selected Works, Vol. I, p 344.

出處：《矛盾論》（一九三七年八月），《毛澤東選集》第一卷第三二三頁

毛澤東選集：一九五〇年代起陸續出版的文集，收一九二五年以來的文章講話，是本書最主要的引證來源。

在一般情況下，人民內部的矛盾不是對抗性的。但是如果處理得不適當，或者失去警覺，麻痹大意，也可能發生對抗。這種情況，在社會主義國家通常只是局部的暫時的現象。這是因為社會主義國家消滅了人剝削人的制度，人民的利益在根本上是一致的。

In ordinary circumstances, contradictions among the people are not antagonistic. But if they are not handled properly, or if we relax our vigilance and lower our guard, antagonism may arise. In a socialist country, a development of this kind is usually only a localized and temporary phenomenon. The reason is that the system of exploitation of man by man has been abolished and the interests of the people are basically the same.On the Correct Handling of Contradictions Among the People (February 27, 1957), 1st pocket ed., p. 14.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第八頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

在我們國家裡，工人階級同民族資產階級的矛盾屬於人民內部的矛盾。工人階級和民族資產階級的階級鬥爭一般地屬於人民內部的階級鬥爭，這是因為我國的民族資產階級有兩面性。在資產階級民主革命時期，它有革命性的一面，又有妥協性的一面。在社會主義革命時期，它有剝削工人階級取得利潤的一面，又有擁護憲法、願意接受社會主義改造的一面。民族資產階級和帝國主義、地主階級、官僚資產階級不同。工人階級和民族資產階級之間存在著剝削和被剝削的矛盾，這本來是對抗性的矛盾。但是在我國的具體條件下，這兩個階級的對抗性的矛盾如果處理得當，可以轉變為非對抗性的矛盾，可以用和平的方法解決這個矛盾。如果我們處理不當，不是對民族資產階級採取團結、批評、教育的政策，或者民族資產階級不接受我們的這個政策，那末工人階級同民族資產階級之間的矛盾就會變成敵我之間的矛盾。

In our country, the contradiction between the working class and the national bourgeoisie belongs to the category of contradictions among the people. By and large, the class struggle between the two is a class struggle within the ranks of the people, because the Chinese national bourgeoisie has a dual character. In the period of the bourgeois-democratic revolution, it had both a revolutionary and a conciliationist side to its character. In the period of the socialist revolution, exploitation of the working class for profit constitutes one side of the character of the national bourgeoisie, while its support of the Constitution and its willingness to accept socialist transformation constitute the other. The national bourgeoisie differs from the imperialists, the landlords and the bureaucrat-capitalists. The contradiction between the national bourgeoisie and the working class is one between the exploiter and the exploited, and is by nature antagonistic. But in the concrete conditions of China, this antagonistic class contradiction can, if properly handled, be transformed into a non-antagonistic one and be resolved by peaceful methods. However, it will change into a contradiction between ourselves and the enemy if we do not handle it properly and do not follow the policy of uniting with, criticizing and educating the national bourgeoisie, or if the national bourgeoisie does not accept this policy of ours.Ibid., p. 4-5.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第二——三頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。

社會主義國家內部的反動派同帝國主義者互相勾結，利用人民內部的矛盾，挑撥離間，興風作浪，企圖實現他們的陰謀。匈牙利事件的這種教訓，值得大家注意。

It [the counter-revolutionary rebellion in Hungary in 1956] was a case of reactionaries inside a socialist country, in league with the imperialists, attempting to achieve their conspiratorial aims by taking advantage of contradictions among the people to foment dissension and stir up disorder. This lesson of the Hungarian events merits attention.Ibid., p. 15.

出處：《關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題》（一九五七年二月二十七日），人民出版社版第八頁

關於正確處理人民內部矛盾的問題：一九五七年二月的講話，是本書第四章的直接來源，提出區分兩類矛盾。